24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin – Antilles Françaises

24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin – Antilles Françaises

Sargassum is a genus of marine protists belonging to the brown algae. The genus Sargassum was founded in 1820 by Carl Adolph Agardh (in: Species algarum, vol 1, p. 1). The type species of the genus is Sargassum bacciferum (Turner) C. Agardh, which is today considered equivalent to Sargassum natans (Linnaeus) Gaillon. According to Strasburger, the genus includes about 250 species. In the Algaebase database, even 359 species names are accepted.

Sargassum

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24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin

Taxonomic classification
Domain: Eukaryota (Eukaryotes)
Strain: Heterokontophyta
Class: Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
Order: Fucales
Family: Sargassaceae
Sex
Sargassum
24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin SXM
Different species can grow into huge floating colonies of algae in which many animals find their home. Such floating fields serve as breeding grounds for various animals, such as young sea turtles and puffer fish. Different types are used in factory farming to extract ethanol from them.

24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin

The size of the algae varies between 10 centimeters and more than 2 meters, specimens up to 16 meters have been rarely observed. From a disc-shaped or cone-shaped rhizome, one or a few peduncles develop into flattened stems (cauloids), which can be between one and twenty centimeters long. Annually, these side shoots shoot from 10 cm to well over 2 meters in length and are shed at the end of the growing season. The primary branches are bilinear or whorl on the cauloid, are round, triangular or flattened, and two- or three-line or whorled. The lower (proximal) side branches may in turn be branched or unbranched and are often leaf-shaped, but at least flattened, and (1–) 3–15 (–25) mm wide. If they are leaf-shaped (phylloids), they can be whole or toothed. Most species form swim bladders (pneumatocysts), which can take the place of leaflets or sit in the axils of the phylloids. These are ovoid to almost spherical and can be pointed and/or petiolate.

The corrugated rods can be monoecious or dioecious, with segregated or hermaphroditic receptors, which are formed in the axils by first or second order side branches (phylloids or pinnacles). They are usually in branched clusters, rarely singly. The concept aculum on the surface matures from the bottom up, while the receptacle on the top continues to grow. The receptacle may be round or flattened with a smooth, warty or spiky surface.

24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin

The cauloids and their branches consist of a medulla of elongated cells (although isodiametric in the middle) surrounded by a meristoderm containing plastids. The growth in length is based on a triangular apical cell, which is sunken in the tip of the shoot.

Sargassum is widespread worldwide in the tropical and warmer seas. Most species settle firmly offshore (benthic) (occasionally torn branches can float in the sea). Along the coast they form Sargassum forests (kelp forest), which provide a special habitat for small crabs, worms and other marine animals. It is assumed that a significant part of the primary production of biomass takes place in these algal forests.

Since 2011, Sargassum seaweed has become increasingly common in the Atlantic Ocean, becoming a real pest and in 2018 some islands declared a state of emergency. In 2019, the brown algae carpet, referred to by researchers as the “Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt,” reached its maximum length to date. Stretching from West Africa to the Caribbean, it is made up of an estimated 20 million tons of seaweed. Over-fertilization and felling of the Amazon rainforest are believed to be the cause.

24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin

The genus also includes two purely pelagic or planktonic species (Sargassum natans and Sargassum fluitans). These float freely in the surface water, for example in the Sargasso Sea, which is named after the Sargassum. Their reproduction occurs only vegetatively through the disintegration of the thallus.

Sargassum acinarium (Linnaeus) Setchell: in the warm and temperate eastern Atlantic (Canary Islands, West Africa), the Mediterranean, the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean
Sargassum bermudense Grunow: in the Caribbean
Sargassum dentifolium (Turner) C.Agardh: in the Indian Ocean (Persian Gulf, Red Sea, off Somalia)
Sargassum desfontainesii (Turner) C.Agardh: in the warm and temperate eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Morocco)
Sargassum elegans Suhr: in the Southeast Atlantic (South Africa) and the Indies

24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin

che Ocean (South Africa, Mozambique)
Sargassum fissifolium (Mertens) C.Agardh: in the warm and temperate East Atlantic (Canary Islands) and Australia
Sargassum fluitans (Børgesen) Børgesen: in the Caribbean and Western Pacific (Philippines)
Sargassum grevillei J.Agardh: in the Indo-Pacific (Indonesia, India, Thailand, Malaysia)
Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C.Agardh: in the Indo-Pacific, Fiji Islands, Australia and the Indian Ocean
Sargassum incisifolium (Turner) C.Agardh: in the Indian Ocean and the southeastern Atlantic Ocean (South Africa)
Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt: originally from Japan, highly invasive, now introduced to large parts of the Northeast Atlantic (including the North Sea), the Mediterranean and the North Pacific

24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin

Sargassum natans (L.) Gaillon
Sargassum oligocystum Montagne: in the Pacific Northwest, Indo-Pacific, Pacific Islands and Australia
Sargassum platycarpum Montagne: in the warm eastern Atlantic (Canary Islands, Cape Verde), in the Caribbean and off Brazil
Sargassum polyceratium Montagne: in the Caribbean, southwestern Atlantic (Brazil) and western Pacific (Philippines)
Sargassum tenerrimum J.Agardh: in the Pacific Northwest, Indian Ocean, Indian Ocean and Australia
Sargassum vulgare C.Agardh: widespread in the Northeast Atlantic (Portugal, Spain to the Canary Islands), the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, the Southeast Atlantic (West Africa), the West Pacific (Philippines) and the Indian Ocean

24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin

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24 05 2022 Sargassum Saint Martin